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| sections amended = | leghisturl = | introducedin = House | introducedbill = | introducedby = | introduceddate = | committees = | passedbody1 = | passeddate1 = | passedvote1 = | passedbody2 = | passedas2 = | passeddate2 = | passedvote2 = | conferencedate = | passedbody3 = | passeddate3 = | passedvote3 = | agreedbody3 = | agreeddate3 = | agreedvote3 = | agreedbody4 = | agreeddate4 = | agreedvote4 = | passedbody4 = | passeddate4 = | passedvote4 = | signedpresident = Richard Nixon | signeddate = October 23, 1972 | unsignedpresident = | unsigneddate = | vetoedpresident = | vetoeddate = | overriddenbody1 = | overriddendate1 = | overriddenvote1 = | overriddenbody2 = | overriddendate2 = | overriddenvote2 = | amendments = | SCOTUS cases = }} Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act of 1972 (MPRSA) or Ocean Dumping Act is one of several key environmental laws passed by the US Congress in 1972.〔Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act of 1972, . Full statute is at 86 Stat. 1052 and 1061. Titles I and II are codified at . Title III is codified at .〕〔U.S. Senate. (Full text)〕 The Act has two essential aims: to regulate intentional ocean disposal of materials, and to authorize any related research.〔Claudia Copeland. Cong. Bill. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1999.〕 While the MPRSA regulates the ocean dumping of waste and provides for a research program on ocean dumping, it also provides for the designation and regulation of marine sanctuaries.〔The Office of Health, Safety and Security - Home. Web. 09 Nov. 2011.〕 The act regulates the ocean dumping of all material beyond the territorial limit ( from shore) and prevents or strictly limits dumping material that "would adversely affect human health, welfare, or amenities, or the marine environment, ecological systems, or economic potentialities”.〔 The MPRSA authorized the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to regulate ocean dumping of materials including, but not limited to, industrial waste, sewage sludge, biological agents, radioactive agents, NBC (nuclear, biological, and chemical), garbage, chemicals, and biological and laboratory, as well as other wastes, into the territorial waters of the United States through a permit program. The EPA can issue permits for dumping of materials other than dredge spoils if the agency determines, through a full public notice and process, that the discharge will not unreasonably degrade or endanger human health or welfare or the marine environment.〔Other Laws to Protect Your Watershed. River Network. Web. 09 Nov. 2011.〕 The law also has provisions related to creating marine sanctuaries, conducting ocean disposal research and monitoring coastal water quality.〔Other Laws to Protect Your Watershed. River Network. Web. 09 Nov. 2011.〕 ==Ocean dumping before enactment== For much of history, the ocean was used generally as a dumping ground for many types of waste such as garbage, acid rain and toxins, including chemical weapons. In 1968, the US National Academy of Sciences estimated the annual release to the marine environment, from both dumping and disposal (through a pipe), of 100 million tons of petroleum products, two to four million tons of acid chemical wastes from pulp mills, more than one million tons of heavy metals in industrial wastes, and more than 100,000 tons of organic chemical wastes. US EPA records indicate that between 1946 and 1970, more than 89,000 containers of radioactive wastes were dumped at Atlantic and Pacific ocean dump sites.〔http://water.epa.gov/type/oceb/mprsa_before.cfm〕 One area off the coast of New Jersey was used until 1987 as a disposal area for millions of tons per year 〔http://nepis.epa.gov/Adobe/PDF/P1004XOT.PDF〕 of sewage sludge. This area is now known as the "12-Mile Dumping Ground," and has a large amount of toxic metals. Divers are still advised to avoid the area due to the high level of refuse materials and toxins.〔(Offshore Dumping Grounds ), at NJ scuba diving website, accessed 11/11/07.〕 Because ocean contaminants know no boundaries, there have been international and regional parameters established since the 1970s.〔Claudia Copeland. Cong. Bill. (D.C. ): Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1999.〕 These regulations consist of regional treaties and conventions related to local marine pollution problems and international conventions that provide a standardized control of worldwide marine pollution.〔 In the early 1970s the United States endorsed the MSRPA to regulate any waste disposal in marine waters that are within U.S. jurisdiction.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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